NUVO Light Bending - NUVO Theory

🌠 NUVO Light Bending

One of the earliest confirmations of General Relativity (GR) came from the observation that starlight bends when it passes near the Sun. GR explains this as a result of spacetime curvature. In NUVO Theory, light bending is explained instead through scalar modulation of spatial units — geodesics deviate because space expands non-uniformly near massive bodies.

🔁 Scalar Field and Modulation

In NUVO, the geodesic path of a photon is altered not by curvature, but by how spatial units vary in response to local gravitational potential. This is governed by the scalar modulation function:

\(
\lambda(r) = 1 + \frac{GM}{r^2 c^2}
\)

Because the spatial unit length expands near mass concentrations, the effective path of light curves as it propagates through a scalar-modulated frame.

🧭 Coordinate Geodesic of Light

In NUVO geometry, the coordinate trajectory of light follows a geodesic defined by the expansion of the arc element:

\(
ds^2 = \lambda^2(r) \cdot (dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2)
\)

Even though the photon moves at constant local speed \( c \), the coordinate-observed path bends due to radial variation in \( \lambda(r) \). This generates a coordinate curvature similar in value to GR predictions.

🧮 Approximate Light Bending Angle

To first order, the bending angle for light passing near a spherical mass \( M \) with closest approach \( r_0 \) is:

\(
\Delta \phi \approx \frac{4GM}{r_0 c^2}
\)

This is identical to the GR result, but in NUVO it arises from integrated modulation of spatial arc length across the radial gradient of the scalar field.

🔬 Physical Interpretation

In GR: light bends because the spacetime metric is curved.
In NUVO: light bends because space is geometrically stretched by the scalar field.

A photon entering a region with increasing \( \lambda(r) \) experiences an expansion of unit lengths transverse to its motion, causing its coordinate path to deflect inward.

🛰️ Observational Match

During a solar eclipse, light from stars near the Sun appears displaced by about 1.75 arcseconds, a result perfectly consistent with both GR and NUVO:

GR: predicts 1.75 arcseconds via curved null geodesics
NUVO: predicts 1.75 arcseconds via scalar-modulated coordinate geodesics

🧠 Conceptual Summary

Concept	GR	NUVO Theory
Bending Mechanism	Curved spacetime	Scalar field modulation
Path Basis	Null geodesics (curved)	Scalar-modulated Euclidean geodesics
Coordinate Effect	Metric warping	Arc length dilation (λ²)
Observational Match	✓	✓